Basic civil rights and personal liberties in India are safeguarded primarily under the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on January 26, 1950, is the supreme law of the land and provides a comprehensive framework for the protection and preservation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of Indian citizens. The fundamental rights and personal liberties in India are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution. These rights include, but are not limited to: Right to Equality: This includes the right to equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and equal protection of the laws. Right to Freedom: This includes various freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully, freedom to form associations or unions, and the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. Right Against Exploitation: This includes the prohibition of forced labor and the prohibition of employment of children in hazardous occupations. Right to Freedom of Religion: This includes the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate one's religion. Cultural and Educational Rights: These rights protect the interests of minorities in India in matters of education and the preservation of their culture and language. Right to Constitutional Remedies: This allows citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India for the enforcement of their fundamental rights through writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto. Right to Privacy: While not explicitly mentioned in the original text of the Constitution, the right to privacy has been recognized as a fundamental right by the Indian Supreme Court in various judgments. The Constitution of India also establishes the framework for the democratic and secular governance of the country, with principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. In addition to the Constitution, India has several laws, such as the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, that further protect human rights and civil liberties. However, the Constitution is the supreme law, and its provisions take precedence in cases of conflicts or violations.