The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the primary criminal code of India. It was enacted in 1860 and is applicable throughout the country. Here are some salient features of the Indian Penal Code: Comprehensive Code: The IPC is a comprehensive criminal code that covers a wide range of offenses, both against persons and against property. Age of Criminal Responsibility: The IPC specifies the age at which a person is considered criminally responsible. Generally, a person under the age of seven is considered incapable of committing a crime, and between seven and twelve, there is a presumption of incapacity. Offenses and Punishments: The IPC classifies offenses into various categories, such as offenses against the person, property, public tranquility, and the state. It prescribes punishments for these offenses, including fines, imprisonment, and, in some cases, the death penalty. Degrees of Offenses: The IPC recognizes different degrees of offenses based on factors such as intention, knowledge, and motive. Offenses are categorized as simple or grievous, and punishments vary accordingly. General and Special Exceptions: The IPC includes general and special exceptions that provide defenses against criminal liability. These exceptions are important in determining whether a person can be held criminally liable for their actions. Presumption of Innocence: One of the fundamental principles of criminal law is the presumption of innocence until proven guilty. The burden of proving guilt lies with the prosecution. Mens Rea (Guilty Mind): Many offenses under the IPC require the presence of a guilty mind or criminal intent (mens rea) along with a criminal act (actus reus) for someone to be held criminally liable. Right of Private Defense: The IPC recognizes the right of private defense, allowing individuals to use reasonable force to protect themselves, their property, or others from harm. Abetment and Criminal Conspiracy: The IPC addresses not only the commission of offenses but also abetment (encouraging or assisting in the commission of an offense) and criminal conspiracy. Penalties for Attempt: Attempting to commit a crime is also punishable under the IPC, even if the actual crime is not completed. These features collectively contribute to the structure and functioning of the Indian Penal Code, providing a legal framework for addressing criminal behavior in India.