Federalism in the Indian Constitution refers to the distribution of powers and responsibilities between the central government (Union) and the state governments. India follows a quasi-federal system with features of both federalism and unitarism. The term "quasi-federal" implies that while there is a division of powers, the Constitution provides for a strong central authority to maintain the unity and integrity of the country. Key features of federalism in the Indian Constitution include: Distribution of Powers: The Constitution clearly demarcates powers between the Union (central government) and the states. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution contains three lists: Union List: It includes subjects on which only the central government can legislate. State List: It includes subjects on which only the state governments can legislate. Concurrent List: It includes subjects on which both the central and state governments can legislate. Union Supremacy: While there is a distribution of powers, the Constitution establishes the supremacy of the Union in certain matters. In case of a conflict between central and state laws on a subject in the Concurrent List, the central law prevails. Single Citizenship: Unlike some federal systems where there is dual citizenship (federal and state), India has a single citizenship for the entire country. All Indian citizens are citizens of India, and citizenship is not based on residence in a specific state. Integrated Judiciary: The Constitution provides for a unified and integrated judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex. The Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the Union and the states. Appointment of Governors: The President of India appoints Governors for each state. While Governors represent the President, they act as the constitutional heads of the states. The role of Governors has implications for the relationship between the Union and the states. Emergency Provisions: During a state of emergency, the central government can assume greater powers, and the distribution of powers may be temporarily altered. This provides the central government with the authority to address situations that threaten the security of the country. Independent State Legislatures: Each state has its own legislature with the power to make laws on subjects in the State List. States have considerable autonomy in matters that fall within their jurisdiction. Financial Federalism: The Constitution provides for the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the states. The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in determining the distribution of funds. Inter-State Council: The Constitution provides for the establishment of an Inter-State Council to promote coordination between states and between the Union and the states. Federalism in the Indian context aims to strike a balance between the need for a strong and unified nation and the recognition of regional diversity and autonomy. It provides for the cooperative functioning of the central and state governments to ensure effective governance and meet the diverse needs of the Indian population.