Public utilities are essential services or facilities, such as electricity, water supply, sanitation, telecommunications, and transportation, that are owned, operated, or regulated by government authorities or public entities for the benefit of the public. In India, public utilities are managed and regulated in terms of public property through various mechanisms and legal frameworks aimed at ensuring accessibility, affordability, quality, and sustainability of utility services. Here's how public utilities are typically managed and regulated: Government Ownership or Control: Many public utilities in India are owned and operated by government entities at the central, state, or local level. Government ownership or control allows for direct oversight and management of utility services to ensure that they are provided in the public interest. Regulatory Authorities: Regulatory authorities, such as the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), and others, are established to regulate and oversee the functioning of public utilities in various sectors. These regulatory bodies set tariffs, establish service standards, monitor performance, resolve disputes, and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Licensing and Permitting: Public utilities may be required to obtain licenses, permits, or authorizations from regulatory authorities or government agencies to operate legally. Licensing processes typically involve demonstrating technical competence, financial viability, and compliance with safety, environmental, and quality standards. Tariff Regulation: Regulatory authorities set tariffs or pricing structures for public utility services to ensure affordability for consumers while allowing utilities to recover their costs and earn a reasonable return on investment. Tariffs are often set through a transparent and consultative process that considers factors such as cost of service, efficiency, and socio-economic considerations. Quality of Service Standards: Regulatory authorities establish and enforce quality of service standards for public utilities to ensure that consumers receive reliable, safe, and efficient services. Standards may cover aspects such as service reliability, availability, safety, water quality, network performance, and customer service. Competition and Market Regulation: In sectors where competition is introduced or encouraged, such as telecommunications or electricity generation, regulatory authorities may promote competition, prevent anti-competitive practices, and regulate market entry and exit to ensure fair competition and consumer choice. Consumer Protection: Regulatory authorities and government agencies enforce consumer protection measures to safeguard the rights and interests of utility consumers. This may include mechanisms for addressing consumer complaints, ensuring transparency in billing and service provision, and providing avenues for redressal of grievances. Investment and Infrastructure Development: Government authorities and regulatory bodies play a role in facilitating investment and infrastructure development in public utilities to expand service coverage, improve reliability, and meet growing demand. This may involve planning, financing, and overseeing the construction of new infrastructure projects, as well as promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation. Overall, public utilities in India are managed and regulated in terms of public property to ensure that essential services are provided efficiently, affordably, and sustainably, while safeguarding the interests of consumers and promoting the public welfare. Effective regulation and governance of public utilities are essential for promoting economic development, social equity, and environmental sustainability.