In India, the government addresses issues of discrimination in public civil law cases through various legislative measures, administrative actions, and judicial interventions. Here are some key ways in which discrimination is addressed: Constitutional Protections: The Indian Constitution provides several provisions aimed at preventing discrimination and promoting equality. Articles 14 to 18 guarantee equality before the law and prohibit discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. These provisions form the basis for addressing discrimination in public civil law cases. Anti-Discrimination Laws: Several laws have been enacted to address specific forms of discrimination and provide legal remedies for victims. For example, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, prohibits discrimination and atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and provides for stringent punishments for offenders. Human Rights Commissions: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) play a crucial role in addressing discrimination and human rights violations. These bodies investigate complaints of discrimination, issue recommendations, and monitor the implementation of laws and policies related to equality and non-discrimination. Affirmative Action: The government has implemented affirmative action policies, such as reservation quotas in education, employment, and political representation, to address historical discrimination and promote social inclusion for marginalized communities, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. Legal Aid and Awareness: The government provides legal aid services and promotes legal awareness programs to empower marginalized and vulnerable communities to assert their rights and seek redress for instances of discrimination through the legal system. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): Public interest litigation plays a significant role in addressing systemic discrimination and promoting social justice. Courts, including the Supreme Court and High Courts, have taken suo motu cognizance of cases involving discrimination and issued directives to address discriminatory practices and policies. Education and Sensitization: The government conducts awareness campaigns, training programs, and educational initiatives to sensitize the public, government officials, and judicial officers about the importance of equality, non-discrimination, and human rights. International Commitments: India is a signatory to various international conventions and treaties that promote equality and non-discrimination, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The government is obligated to uphold its commitments under these treaties and implement measures to combat discrimination. Overall, addressing discrimination in public civil law cases requires a multi-faceted approach involving legislative reforms, administrative measures, judicial interventions, and public awareness initiatives to ensure equal protection of rights and opportunities for all individuals and communities.