Under Indian law, unauthorized access to computer systems is defined in Section 43 of the Information Technology Act, 2000. This section outlines various offenses related to unauthorized access, damage, and disruption of computer systems, networks, and data. Here is how unauthorized access is defined under Indian law: Unauthorized Access (Section 43): Unauthorized access to computer systems, computer networks, or computer resources is defined as accessing or securing access to such systems, networks, or resources without permission or exceeding authorized access. This unauthorized access may involve gaining entry into a computer system, network, or resource by bypassing security measures, using unauthorized credentials, exploiting vulnerabilities, or engaging in other unauthorized means. It covers situations where individuals or entities deliberately or negligently access computer systems without proper authorization or in violation of terms of use, contractual agreements, or legal restrictions. Unauthorized access can include activities such as hacking, bypassing login credentials, accessing restricted areas of a system, or obtaining information without lawful authority. Penalties for Unauthorized Access: Unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or resources is considered a cyber offense under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Section 43 of the Act prescribes penalties for unauthorized access, which may include liability to pay damages by way of compensation to the affected person or entity. The Act also empowers the affected party to seek legal remedies and compensation for losses or damages caused by unauthorized access to their computer systems or data. Importance of Authorization: The concept of authorization is crucial in determining whether access to computer systems is lawful or unauthorized. Authorization may be granted through explicit permissions, access controls, authentication mechanisms, user credentials, contractual agreements, or legal permissions. Any access that falls outside the scope of authorized usage or violates restrictions on access is considered unauthorized under Indian law. It's important to note that unauthorized access to computer systems is a serious offense under Indian law, and individuals or entities engaging in such activities may face legal consequences, including penalties, damages, and civil or criminal liability, depending on the circumstances and severity of the unauthorized access.