Yes, an arbitration agreement can be enforced against a non-signatory party in India under certain circumstances. The principle allowing enforcement of arbitration agreements against non-signatory parties is known as "privity of contract" or "group of companies doctrine." However, it's essential to understand that the enforcement against a non-signatory party is not automatic and typically requires the presence of specific legal grounds or principles. Here are some scenarios in which an arbitration agreement may be enforced against a non-signatory party in India: Group of Companies Doctrine: If a group of companies is involved in a commercial relationship and one company is a signatory to an arbitration agreement, Indian courts may enforce the arbitration agreement against other companies within the same group, even if they are non-signatories. This is based on the theory that the group of companies functions as a single economic unit, and the actions of one company bind the entire group. Agency or Estoppel: If a non-signatory party acts as an agent for, or is closely related to, a signatory party and benefits from the contract containing the arbitration agreement, Indian courts may enforce the arbitration agreement against the non-signatory based on principles of agency or estoppel. In such cases, the non-signatory is deemed to be bound by the arbitration agreement by virtue of its conduct or relationship with the signatory party. Third-Party Beneficiary: If the intention of the parties to the contract was to confer benefits or rights upon a non-signatory party, Indian courts may enforce the arbitration agreement against the non-signatory based on the principle of third-party beneficiary. This typically arises in contracts where the non-signatory is explicitly mentioned as a beneficiary or intended recipient of the contract terms, including the arbitration clause. Alter Ego or Piercing the Corporate Veil: If a non-signatory party is found to be the alter ego or alter-ego of a signatory party, or if the corporate veil is pierced to reveal the true nature of the relationship between the parties, Indian courts may enforce the arbitration agreement against the non-signatory based on principles of corporate law and equity. Assignment or Novation: If the rights and obligations under the contract containing the arbitration agreement are validly assigned or novated to a non-signatory party, Indian courts may enforce the arbitration agreement against the non-signatory based on principles of assignment or novation. Overall, while arbitration agreements are generally binding only on the parties who have expressly consented to arbitration, Indian courts may enforce arbitration agreements against non-signatory parties in certain exceptional circumstances where legal principles such as agency, estoppel, group of companies doctrine, or third-party beneficiary apply. The determination of whether an arbitration agreement can be enforced against a non-signatory party depends on the specific facts and circumstances of each case and is subject to judicial discretion and interpretation.