In India, the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal can be challenged on certain grounds under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. A party may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal either before the tribunal itself or before the appropriate court. Here are the grounds for challenging the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal in India: 1. Existence or Validity of Arbitration Agreement: No Arbitration Agreement: One of the parties may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal by arguing that there is no valid arbitration agreement between the parties. This may occur if the arbitration agreement is alleged to be non-existent, invalid, or unenforceable. 2. Scope of Arbitration Agreement: Scope of Dispute: A party may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal by contending that the dispute falls outside the scope of the arbitration agreement. If the subject matter of the dispute is not covered by the arbitration clause or is beyond its scope, the tribunal may lack jurisdiction. 3. Jurisdictional Objections: Jurisdictional Objections: A party may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal by raising specific jurisdictional objections regarding the competence of the tribunal to adjudicate the dispute. This may include objections related to the tribunal's authority over certain issues or claims raised in the arbitration proceedings. 4. Nullity of Arbitral Tribunal's Composition: Composition of Tribunal: A party may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal based on the nullity of the tribunal's composition. This may arise if the appointment of arbitrators was not conducted in accordance with the agreed procedure or applicable legal requirements. 5. Excess of Jurisdiction: Excess of Jurisdiction: A party may challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal by alleging that the tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or acted beyond the scope of its authority. This may occur if the tribunal makes decisions or rulings that are outside the scope of the arbitration agreement or applicable law. 6. Court's Intervention: Judicial Review: If a party challenges the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal before the tribunal itself and the tribunal rejects the challenge, the aggrieved party may seek judicial review of the tribunal's decision by filing an application before the appropriate court. Conclusion: In India, the grounds for challenging the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal are primarily related to the existence, validity, scope of the arbitration agreement, jurisdictional objections, nullity of tribunal's composition, and excess of jurisdiction. Parties can raise these grounds either before the arbitral tribunal itself or before the appropriate court, seeking appropriate relief or remedies in accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.