In India, there are specific regulations and guidelines regarding the nationality of arbitrators, particularly under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Here’s a detailed overview: Nationality of Arbitrators in India General Principle: The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 does not expressly restrict the nationality of arbitrators. Arbitrators can be of any nationality, subject to the parties’ agreement or the arbitral institution’s rules if specified. Foreign Nationals: Foreign nationals can serve as arbitrators in India. Their appointment is generally based on their qualifications, expertise, and impartiality rather than nationality. Citizenship and Eligibility: There is no requirement that arbitrators must be Indian citizens to arbitrate disputes in India. Both Indian and foreign nationals can be appointed as arbitrators as long as they meet the qualifications set forth in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. International Commercial Arbitration: For international commercial arbitrations seated in India or involving Indian parties, the Act allows for the appointment of arbitrators of any nationality. The Act aligns with international best practices and UNCITRAL Model Law principles, which do not impose nationality restrictions on arbitrators. Arbitral Institutions: Many arbitral institutions in India, such as the Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA), Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC), and others, allow for the appointment of foreign nationals as arbitrators. These institutions may have their own rules and guidelines regarding arbitrator appointments, but nationality is generally not a disqualifying factor. Practical Considerations Expertise and Experience: Parties often prioritize the arbitrator’s expertise in the subject matter of the dispute and their impartiality over nationality. Arbitrators are expected to be qualified professionals with a thorough understanding of arbitration laws and procedures. Language Proficiency: Arbitrators must be proficient in the language(s) of the arbitration proceedings to ensure effective communication and understanding. Enforcement of Awards: Awards rendered by arbitrators, whether Indian or foreign, are enforceable in India under the New York Convention, provided certain conditions are met. Conclusion In summary, there are no specific restrictions on the nationality of arbitrators in India under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Both Indian and foreign nationals can serve as arbitrators, subject to their qualifications, impartiality, and adherence to procedural requirements. This approach encourages flexibility and ensures that parties have access to arbitrators with diverse expertise and international experience.