In India, the limitation period for arbitration claims is governed by the Limitation Act, 1963. The principles of limitation applicable to civil suits are generally applicable to arbitration as well. Here’s a detailed explanation of how the limitation period applies to arbitration claims in India: 1. Applicable Law Limitation Act, 1963: The Limitation Act prescribes the time limits within which various types of legal claims must be filed. These periods apply to arbitration proceedings by virtue of Section 43 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. 2. Commencement of Limitation Period Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Section 21: The limitation period for referring a dispute to arbitration begins when the claimant issues a notice to the respondent requesting the appointment of an arbitrator or the initiation of arbitration proceedings. 3. General Limitation Periods Breach of Contract: The limitation period for filing a claim related to breach of contract is generally three years from the date of breach. Tort Claims: For claims related to torts, the limitation period is typically three years from the date the right to sue accrues. Other Claims: Specific types of claims, such as those related to immovable property, have different limitation periods as specified in the Limitation Act. 4. Extension and Computation of Time Section 5 of the Limitation Act: Allows for the extension of the limitation period if the claimant can prove sufficient cause for the delay. Computation of Time: As per Section 12 of the Limitation Act, the day on which the period starts (when notice is issued) and the day on which the arbitration is filed are excluded from the computation of the limitation period. 5. Acknowledgment and Part-Payment Acknowledgment of Debt: As per Section 18 of the Limitation Act, if the respondent acknowledges the debt or liability before the expiry of the limitation period, a fresh limitation period begins from the date of acknowledgment. Part-Payment: Similarly, under Section 19, part-payment of the debt before the expiry of the limitation period results in a fresh limitation period starting from the date of payment. 6. Impact of Arbitration Agreements Contractual Clauses: Parties to a contract can agree to specific terms regarding limitation periods within the bounds of the Limitation Act. However, such clauses cannot extend the statutory limitation period. Institutional Rules: In cases of institutional arbitration (e.g., under rules of organizations like the Indian Council of Arbitration), the rules may specify procedures for limitation, which should be followed along with statutory provisions. 7. Judicial Precedents Interpretation by Courts: Indian courts have consistently held that the Limitation Act applies to arbitration proceedings, and they have provided clarifications on various aspects, such as the starting point of the limitation period and the applicability of Sections 18 and 19. Summary Limitation Period: The limitation period for arbitration claims is governed by the Limitation Act, 1963. Commencement: The period starts when a notice requesting arbitration is issued (Section 21 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act). General Periods: For example, three years for breach of contract and tort claims. Extension and Computation: Extensions are possible for sufficient cause, and specific rules apply for computing the period. Acknowledgment and Part-Payment: These can restart the limitation period. Contractual and Institutional Rules: Parties can agree on terms within the statutory limits, and institutional rules may also apply. Judicial Interpretation: Courts interpret and apply these principles, providing clarity on various issues. Conclusion Understanding and adhering to the limitation periods is crucial in arbitration to ensure that claims are not time-barred. Parties should be mindful of the statutory provisions, specific contract clauses, and institutional rules to effectively manage the timeline of their arbitration proceedings. For precise guidance, consulting with legal professionals is advisable.