Preventive detention in India is governed by constitutional provisions and specific laws aimed at preventing an individual from committing an act that could harm public safety or national security. Unlike punitive detention, which is for punishing a past offense, preventive detention aims to prevent future offenses. Here’s an overview of the key provisions related to preventive detention under Indian law: 1. Constitutional Provisions: Article 22 of the Indian Constitution deals with preventive detention. It provides certain safeguards and lays down the framework within which preventive detention laws must operate. Article 22(1) and (2): These clauses protect individuals who are arrested under normal criminal laws by providing the right to be informed of the grounds of arrest and the right to consult a lawyer. Article 22(3): This clause creates an exception for preventive detention, stating that the protections under clauses (1) and (2) do not apply to persons detained under preventive detention laws. Article 22(4): A person detained under preventive detention can be held for a maximum of 3 months without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board. The board must be chaired by a judge or someone qualified to be a judge of a High Court. Article 22(5): The detaining authority must communicate the grounds for detention to the person detained, as soon as possible, to allow them to make a representation. Article 22(6): The authority is not obligated to disclose facts that they consider against public interest during detention. 2. Key Legislations on Preventive Detention: The National Security Act (NSA), 1980: This act empowers both the central and state governments to detain individuals to prevent them from acting in a manner prejudicial to national security, public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community. Under the NSA, detention can last for up to 12 months, subject to periodic review. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974: This law allows preventive detention to prevent smuggling and foreign exchange violations. The Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 1980: This act allows preventive detention to combat black marketing and ensure the maintenance of essential supplies. 3. Judicial Safeguards: Judicial Review: Although preventive detention laws limit the right to a fair trial, courts in India can still review the legality of detention under Articles 32 and 226, ensuring that detention is not arbitrary or illegal. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978): The Supreme Court ruled that preventive detention must be reasonable and just, upholding the right to personal liberty. 4. Safeguards Against Abuse: Advisory Board: Preventive detention beyond three months requires the recommendation of an Advisory Board, which acts as a check on arbitrary detention. Representation: The detained individual has the right to make a representation against the detention to challenge its legality. Key Points to Remember: Preventive detention laws are exceptions to the general principles of personal liberty and should be used only when there is a pressing need to prevent future harm. Though preventive detention may bypass certain procedural rights, safeguards like judicial review and advisory boards ensure some protection against misuse. These provisions seek to balance the need for national security and public order with individual liberty and the right to freedom.