- 18-Apr-2025
- Education Law
When a loan is converted into a gift, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may treat the amount forgiven as a taxable gift. This can have significant tax consequences for both the lender and the recipient. It’s important to understand the rules governing the forgiveness of debt and the potential gift tax liabilities that may arise in such situations.
If a loan is forgiven and converted into a gift, the IRS treats the amount forgiven as a gift. The amount of the loan forgiven is considered the value of the gift for gift tax purposes. For example, if a parent forgives a $50,000 loan to their child, the $50,000 is considered a taxable gift to the child.
Every year, individuals can give up to a certain amount to any recipient without incurring gift tax. In 2025, the annual exclusion is $17,000 per recipient. If the amount of the loan forgiveness exceeds this exclusion, the excess may be subject to gift tax, depending on the total amount of the donor’s lifetime gifts.
If the amount exceeds the annual exclusion, it will be applied against the donor’s lifetime gift tax exemption, which is set at $12.92 million (as of 2025). If the donor has already used up their exemption, they may be subject to gift tax on the forgiven amount.
The forgiveness of a loan is generally not considered taxable income for the recipient. Under IRS rules, cancellation of debt (COD) typically doesn’t result in taxable income if the loan is forgiven as a gift. However, if the loan forgiveness is not structured as a gift, it could be considered income and subject to income tax.
When a loan is forgiven and converted into a gift, both the lender and the recipient must report the transaction to the IRS. The lender (or donor) should file IRS Form 709, the United States Gift (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, to report the forgiven amount as a gift.
For amounts forgiven above the annual exclusion, the lender must report the gift to the IRS.
The recipient does not need to report the gift as income, but they may be required to provide evidence of the transaction if the IRS requests documentation.
The lender who forgives the loan may be subject to gift tax if the amount forgiven exceeds the annual exclusion or the lifetime exemption. For example, if a parent forgives a $100,000 loan to their child, they would have to report the $100,000 as a gift and use part of their lifetime gift tax exemption (if applicable). If the exemption is exhausted, gift tax would be due.
If the loan is between family members, the IRS may scrutinize the transaction more closely. Family loans are more likely to be converted into gifts, so the IRS may apply the same gift tax rules. However, if the loan is considered a commercial loan with formal terms, converting it to a gift could still trigger gift tax if the terms of the loan were not met (such as interest payments). It's crucial that any conversion of a family loan be documented correctly to avoid misunderstanding or misreporting to the IRS.
If a parent loans $100,000 to their child and later decides to forgive the loan, the $100,000 is treated as a gift. If the forgiven amount exceeds the annual gift tax exclusion of $17,000, the parent must report the excess on IRS Form 709. If the parent has not exhausted their lifetime gift exemption, no gift tax will be due. However, if the lifetime exemption has been used up, the parent may be subject to gift tax on the amount forgiven.
When a loan is converted into a gift, it is essential to understand the gift tax implications. The amount forgiven is treated as a taxable gift and may exceed the annual exclusion, triggering the need to file a gift tax return. It’s advisable to seek professional tax advice to structure these transactions in the most tax-efficient way, especially for large sums, to avoid unexpected tax liabilities.
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