- 15-Oct-2025
- public international law
Cyber harassment has emerged as one of the most concerning issues in the digital age, with an increasing number of individuals falling victim to various forms of online abuse such as stalking, cyberbullying, defamation, and online threats. In response to this growing problem, many countries have implemented specific laws and legal remedies to protect individuals and hold perpetrators accountable. Legal recourse includes reporting to authorities, filing complaints, and taking civil or criminal action, depending on the severity of the harassment.
Section 354D (Stalking): This section of the IPC specifically deals with the offense of stalking, which can occur both online and offline. If a person is repeatedly following or contacting someone without their consent, it is considered harassment under this provision.
Punishment: The punishment can include imprisonment for up to three years, along with a fine. In case of repeated offenses, the punishment can increase.
Section 509 (Outraging Modesty): This section applies to cases where a person uses words, gestures, or an online act to insult or degrade a woman's dignity.
Punishment: This offense is punishable with up to three years of imprisonment or a fine.
Section 507 (Criminal Intimidation): If a person uses the internet to threaten, blackmail, or intimidate another person, it is punishable under this section.
Punishment: The punishment could be imprisonment of up to 2 years or a fine.
Section 66A (Punishment for Sending Offensive Messages through Communication Service, etc.): This section criminalizes the sending of offensive, menacing, or harassing messages through electronic communication.
Punishment: It provides for imprisonment of up to 3 years and a fine. However, this section was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015, declaring it unconstitutional for being overly broad.
Section 66E (Violation of Privacy): This section specifically deals with the unauthorized publication or transmission of private images or videos with the intent to cause harm or distress.
Punishment: The punishment includes imprisonment for up to 3 years and/or a fine of ₹2 lakh.
Section 67 (Obscene Material in Electronic Form): If someone publishes or transmits obscene material with the intent to harass, it falls under Section 67.
Punishment: The punishment is imprisonment of up to 5 years and a fine of ₹10 lakh for the first offense and up to 10 years for subsequent offenses.
Section 67A (Pornographic Content): Publishing or transmitting sexually explicit content through online means also falls under this section.
Punishment: It involves imprisonment of up to 5 years and a fine of ₹10 lakh, and up to 7 years for repeated offenses.
Defamation Laws: Cyber harassment often involves defamatory content, where false claims are made online to damage someone's reputation. Under Section 499 of IPC (Defamation), individuals can file a civil suit for defamation in the courts if they can prove that the statements made about them are false and malicious.
Remedy: The victim can seek compensation for damages, and the court may also order the removal of the defamatory content.
Injunction Orders: A person who is a victim of cyber harassment can also seek an injunction to prevent further online harassment. Courts can issue orders to stop the perpetrator from continuing their harassment.
Cease and Desist Letters: A formal letter from a lawyer demanding the harasser to stop their offensive actions, failing which legal action will be pursued.
National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal: In India, the government has established a portal (https://cybercrime.gov.in/) where individuals can file complaints related to cyber harassment and cybercrime.
State Cyber Crime Units: Many states in India have specialized cyber crime cells that handle online harassment cases, especially involving issues like online stalking, cyberbullying, and identity theft.
International Reporting: For incidents involving cross-border harassment, victims can report to international bodies or platforms such as Interpol or the European Cybercrime Centre (EC3).
Right to be Forgotten: Some countries (e.g., EU under GDPR) allow individuals to request that their personal data be erased from the internet or any platform that misuses it. If the harassment involves personal data that is being misused, this provision can help the victim regain their privacy.
Privacy Breach: Under data privacy laws, the victim may file a case if their private data has been exposed or stolen due to cyber harassment. This could be pursued under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU or similar privacy protection laws in other jurisdictions.
Protection of Women from Sexual Harassment (POSH) Act, 2013: If the harassment takes place within a workplace or is work-related, the POSH Act can be invoked to safeguard the victim's interests. It provides for the formation of an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) to investigate and resolve harassment complaints.
Cyber Cell for Women: Many cities have set up specialized cyber cells to address online harassment cases targeting women. These cells offer support, legal advice, and immediate action.
Cybercrime Conventions: There are international treaties like the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, which facilitates cross-border cooperation in addressing internet-based crimes, including cyber harassment.
EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Victims in the EU have a robust framework for privacy protection, and the GDPR allows for legal actions against those who misuse personal data online.
Suppose a woman, Asha, is being harassed online by her ex-boyfriend, who is sending her abusive messages and posting defamatory content about her on social media. Here’s how she can take legal action:
Cyber harassment is a serious issue, but the law provides various legal remedies for victims, ranging from criminal prosecution to civil action for defamation, and from reporting incidents to specialized cybercrime units to seeking remedies under data privacy laws. It is crucial for victims to understand their rights and take timely legal action to stop the harassment and hold perpetrators accountable.
Answer By Law4u Team
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