- 15-Oct-2025
- public international law
Access control is a fundamental cybersecurity mechanism that restricts who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It ensures that only authorized users or systems can access sensitive data, applications, or networks, thereby preventing unauthorized access, data breaches, and misuse. Effective access control supports the principle of least privilege, meaning users are given the minimum access necessary to perform their tasks.
Access rights are assigned by the owner of the resource.
Owners control who can access their files or systems, usually through Access Control Lists (ACLs).
Access policies are set by a central authority, not the resource owner.
Users are granted access based on security clearances and classification levels, common in government and military environments.
Access is granted according to the user’s role within an organization.
Permissions are grouped by role, simplifying management and enforcing consistent policies.
Access decisions are based on attributes (e.g., user department, time of access, device used).
Offers fine-grained control and dynamic policy enforcement.
Authentication: First, the user proves their identity through credentials like passwords, biometrics, or tokens.
Authorization: Once authenticated, the system determines what resources the user is permitted to access based on predefined policies.
Accounting: Logs are kept to track access events for audit and compliance.
Protects sensitive information and critical systems from unauthorized use.
Minimizes insider threats by limiting user permissions.
Supports compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
Helps maintain operational integrity and security posture.
Implement strong authentication methods like multi-factor authentication (MFA).
Regularly review and update access permissions to ensure least privilege.
Use centralized identity and access management (IAM) systems for better control.
Monitor and audit access logs to detect suspicious activities.
An organization uses Role-Based Access Control:
An HR employee has access only to personnel records, while an IT admin has access to server configurations.
When the HR employee tries to access financial data, the system denies access based on their role.
Access requests and denials are logged for auditing purposes.
This system prevents unauthorized data exposure and enforces security policies efficiently.
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