- 15-Oct-2025
- public international law
The Extradition Act, 1962, is the primary legislation governing extradition in India. It consolidates the law relating to the surrender of fugitive offenders from other countries and the procedure to be followed in India when a request for extradition is received. The Act balances the need for effective international cooperation in criminal justice with protections for the rights of the accused, ensuring that extradition is conducted fairly and lawfully.
The Act designates the Central Government as the authority responsible for receiving, processing, and responding to extradition requests from foreign countries. The Ministry of External Affairs typically acts as the nodal agency.
Extradition under the Act applies only when India has an extradition treaty with the requesting country or if the Central Government decides to extend the provisions on a case-by-case basis (through executive orders).
The Act defines extraditable offenses, typically requiring the offense to be punishable with imprisonment of at least one year or more in both countries involved.
Extradition requests must be accompanied by necessary documents such as warrants, evidence, and identity proofs. The Act prescribes judicial hearings to verify the validity of the request and the accused’s rights.
Magistrates or courts hear and determine extradition cases, assessing whether the offense is covered under the treaty and whether the request meets legal requirements.
Extradition can be refused if the offense is political, if the person sought is a national of the requested country, or if there is risk of unfair trial, torture, or death penalty without assurances.
The Act provides for the arrest and detention of the accused pending extradition proceedings and eventual surrender to the requesting state if all conditions are met.
The Act allows for legal remedies including appeals and review of extradition orders, providing further protection to the individual.
The Act emphasizes reciprocity between India and other nations, encouraging mutual cooperation while allowing discretion by the Central Government.
Facilitates cooperation with foreign countries in bringing fugitives to justice.
Ensures procedural fairness and legal protections for individuals subject to extradition.
Supports India’s obligations under international law and bilateral treaties.
Balances law enforcement needs with human rights considerations.
If a person wanted in India for cybercrime flees to a country with which India has an extradition treaty, the foreign country can request extradition under the framework of the Extradition Act, 1962. The Indian Central Government and courts will verify the request and the accused’s rights before ordering surrender, illustrating the Act’s role in international legal cooperation.
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