What Are Non-Treaty Countries In Indian Law?

In Indian law, non-treaty countries refer to nations with which India has no formal extradition treaty or bilateral legal assistance agreements. Such countries lack a defined legal framework governing extradition or mutual legal assistance. This poses challenges for cooperation in criminal matters but does not completely bar India from assisting or seeking cooperation.

Meaning of Non-Treaty Countries

No Formal Treaty

These countries do not have any signed and ratified extradition treaties or mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs) with India.

As a result, there is no codified legal obligation for India to extradite fugitives or provide mutual legal assistance under treaty terms.

Extradition in Absence of Treaty

Extradition is generally treaty-based, but India may consider requests from non-treaty countries on a case-by-case basis.

Such requests rely on principles of comity, reciprocity, and discretion of the Indian government.

The Indian Extradition Act, 1962, allows the Central Government to entertain extradition requests even in the absence of a treaty, provided they conform to legal standards and safeguards.

Diplomatic Channels and Letters Rogatory

For non-treaty countries, India may respond through diplomatic notes, letters rogatory, or other informal mechanisms for cooperation.

These methods are less formal and can be slower or uncertain in outcome.

Limitations and Risks

Absence of treaty means:

• No guaranteed procedural safeguards or timelines.
• Greater discretion, which may lead to inconsistent outcomes.
• Limited enforceability of requests.
• Political and diplomatic considerations weigh heavily in such cases.

How India Handles Requests from Non-Treaty Countries

Indian authorities evaluate such requests for:

• Seriousness of the offense and whether it qualifies as extraditable under Indian law.
• Evidence and documentation supporting the request.
• Assurance that the fugitive’s rights will be protected.

If satisfied, India may proceed with surrender or assistance as a matter of goodwill and reciprocity.

If not, the request may be denied citing lack of treaty framework.

Example

Suppose Country Z, with no extradition treaty with India, requests extradition of a person accused of financial crimes. India examines the request carefully:

• No formal treaty obligations exist.
• India may ask for substantial evidence and assurance of fair trial.
• The government may approve extradition as an exceptional case or decline it based on discretion.