In India, bigamy, which refers to the act of marrying one person while still being legally married to another, is addressed under various laws depending on the individual's religion and the applicable personal law. Here's how different laws handle cases of bigamy: Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Section 5(i): States that a Hindu man or woman can only have one spouse at a time. A marriage is invalid if either party has a living spouse from a previous marriage. Section 11: Declares a marriage void if either party has a spouse living at the time of marriage. Section 17: Specifies that a Hindu who commits bigamy is punishable under Section 494 and 495 of the Indian Penal Code. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC): Section 494: Addresses the punishment for marrying again during the lifetime of a spouse. It specifies that a person who marries again while their spouse is alive and without obtaining a divorce is punishable with imprisonment for up to seven years and a fine. Section 495: Adds a provision for punishment if the person conceals the fact of a previous marriage from the second spouse. It also includes imprisonment for up to seven years and a fine. Muslim Personal Law: Muslim Marriage: Under Islamic law, a Muslim man can have up to four wives at the same time, but a Muslim woman cannot have more than one husband at a time. Bigamy is not punishable for Muslim men under their personal law, but the practice is subject to conditions and regulations under the law. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939: Provides for the dissolution of marriage and may be relevant in cases where the second marriage is contested or where divorce is sought. Special Marriage Act, 1954: Section 44: States that a marriage under this Act is void if either party has a spouse living at the time of the marriage. It also provides grounds for divorce in case of bigamy. Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC): Provides the procedure for investigating and prosecuting cases of bigamy. A complaint can be filed with the police, and legal proceedings can be initiated based on the investigation. Judicial Pronouncements: The courts have interpreted and applied these laws in various cases. For instance, the Supreme Court has emphasized the need for compliance with personal laws and has ruled on the validity and consequences of bigamous marriages. Important Considerations: Valid Marriage: For a marriage to be considered valid, the prior marriage must be legally dissolved, or the spouse must be deceased. Criminal Offense: In many cases, bigamy is treated as a criminal offense under the IPC and can lead to criminal charges and penalties. Civil Consequences: Bigamy can also have civil implications, including the invalidation of the second marriage and issues related to property and inheritance. Overall, the handling of bigamy in India involves a combination of personal laws and statutory provisions, with criminal penalties for those who engage in bigamous practices while their previous marriage is still legally valid.