In India, the law addresses the rights of unmarried parents and their children through various legal provisions, although there are gaps and limitations compared to the rights of married parents. Here’s an overview of how the law handles these cases: 1. Recognition of Paternity and Maternity: Birth Registration: Unmarried parents can register the birth of their child. The birth certificate will typically reflect the names of both parents, acknowledging their relationship to the child. Legal Recognition: Both parents have legal rights and responsibilities towards their child, including custody, maintenance, and guardianship. 2. Guardianship and Custody: The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, governs custody and guardianship matters. Unmarried parents can petition for custody of their child in family courts. The court considers the child's welfare as the paramount consideration when determining custody arrangements. Both parents have the right to seek joint custody or visitation rights, and the court may grant custody to either parent based on the circumstances and the child's best interests. 3. Maintenance Rights: Under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), an unmarried mother can seek maintenance for her child from the father. The father is obligated to provide financial support for the upbringing of the child. The maintenance amount is determined based on the father's financial capacity and the needs of the child. 4. Legal Status of the Child: A child born to unmarried parents is considered legitimate and has the same legal rights as a child born to married parents. This includes rights to inheritance and property, although specific legal frameworks may vary. 5. Family Law Provisions: While specific family law provisions for unmarried parents may be limited, the principles of natural justice and the welfare of the child are often invoked in judicial decisions regarding custody and maintenance. 6. Recognition under Personal Laws: Different personal laws (Hindu, Muslim, Christian, etc.) may have varying provisions concerning the rights of unmarried parents. However, most personal laws recognize the fundamental rights of parents to maintain and care for their children. 7. Judicial Precedents: Indian courts have recognized the rights of unmarried parents through various judgments. For instance, courts have emphasized that the child's welfare is paramount and that both parents must fulfill their responsibilities, regardless of marital status. 8. Adoption Rights: Unmarried parents can adopt children under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, or through the adoption procedures set by personal laws. 9. Limitations and Challenges: Despite the legal recognition of rights, unmarried parents often face societal stigma and legal challenges in asserting their rights, particularly regarding custody and maintenance. Courts may sometimes exhibit bias based on traditional views on family structures. Conclusion: The law in India acknowledges the rights of unmarried parents, primarily focusing on the welfare of the child. While legal frameworks exist for custody, maintenance, and recognition of parental rights, unmarried parents may encounter societal and legal hurdles. It is crucial for unmarried parents to seek legal counsel to navigate their rights and responsibilities effectively.