Banks in India have several legal and procedural mechanisms to recover unpaid personal or business loans. Below is an overview of the recovery process: 1. Communication and Settlement Banks often start by contacting the borrower to remind them of missed payments. They may offer restructuring options, such as reduced EMIs, extended repayment tenure, or a one-time settlement. 2. Sending a Demand Notice If the borrower fails to pay after initial reminders, the bank sends a formal demand notice outlining the dues and the consequences of non-payment. 3. Legal Mechanisms Banks can use the following legal remedies to recover unpaid loans: Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: If the borrower issued a post-dated cheque that bounces, the bank can file a criminal case under Section 138. Civil Suit for Recovery: Banks can file a civil suit in court for recovery of the outstanding amount, along with interest and costs. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC): For business loans exceeding Rs. 1 crore, banks can initiate insolvency proceedings against corporate borrowers before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT). SARFAESI Act, 2002: For secured loans, banks can invoke the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI) to recover the loan without court intervention. They can seize and auction the borrower’s assets after serving notice under Section 13(2) and following the process under Section 13(4). 4. Involvement of Recovery Agents Banks may appoint recovery agents to recover dues, but they must adhere to RBI guidelines, ensuring no harassment or illegal practices. 5. Debiting Security or Collateral If the loan is secured (e.g., home or vehicle loans), banks can auction the pledged assets to recover dues. 6. Filing Criminal Cases in Cases of Fraud If the borrower has obtained the loan fraudulently, banks can file a complaint under the Indian Penal Code for cheating or misrepresentation. 7. Credit Rating Impact Non-repayment affects the borrower’s credit score and future loan eligibility, creating pressure to repay. 8. Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) Banks can approach DRTs to recover loans above Rs. 20 lakh. DRTs provide a faster recovery mechanism compared to regular civil courts. 9. Lok Adalats and Alternate Dispute Resolution Banks may settle small-value loan disputes through Lok Adalats for faster and amicable recovery. Let me know if you want details on any specific recovery method!