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What is the difference between civil and criminal recovery cases?

26-Mar-2025
Recovery

Answer By law4u team

The key difference between civil and criminal recovery cases lies in the nature of the dispute, legal remedies, and penalties involved. 1. Civil Recovery Cases Nature: These cases involve financial disputes, breach of contract, or non-payment of debts without any fraudulent intent. Purpose: The goal is to recover money or property through compensation or specific performance. Filed Under: Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908 (Order 37 for Summary Suits) Indian Contract Act, 1872 (for breach of contract) Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (for banks & financial institutions) Legal Process: The aggrieved party files a civil suit in court. The court may issue a decree ordering the defendant to pay. If the payment is not made, the court may attach the defendant’s assets. Outcome: The defendant may be required to pay monetary compensation or return the money owed. No imprisonment unless there is willful disobedience of the court order. Examples of Civil Recovery Cases Recovery of loan dues, unpaid invoices, or rent. Breach of contract where one party fails to fulfill a financial obligation. 2. Criminal Recovery Cases Nature: These cases involve fraudulent intent, dishonesty, or criminal breach of trust. Purpose: The objective is to punish the offender and, in some cases, recover money. Filed Under: Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (Cheque Bounce Cases) Section 406 & 420 IPC (Criminal Breach of Trust & Cheating) Section 447 of the Companies Act, 2013 (Corporate Fraud) Legal Process: A police complaint or criminal complaint is filed in a magistrate’s court. The accused may be arrested or summoned to court. The court may order compensation along with penalties. Outcome: The offender may face imprisonment, fines, or both, depending on the offense. Compensation to the victim may be ordered by the court. Examples of Criminal Recovery Cases A cheque bounces due to insufficient funds. A company director fraudulently takes money from investors. An employee embezzles company funds. Key Differences Between Civil and Criminal Recovery Cases Civil recovery cases focus on financial disputes without fraudulent intent, while criminal recovery cases involve dishonesty or fraud. In civil cases, the remedy is usually compensation or asset attachment, whereas criminal cases may result in imprisonment, fines, or both. Civil cases are decided based on the balance of probabilities, whereas criminal cases require proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Answer By Sunil Nandal

सिविल और आपराधिक वसूली मामलों में मुख्य अंतर निम्नलिखित हैं: 1. प्रकृति (Nature) सिविल वसूली: यह निजी अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों से संबंधित होती है। इसमें धन की वसूली, संपत्ति विवाद, अनुबंध उल्लंघन आदि आते हैं। आपराधिक वसूली: यह किसी अपराध से जुड़ी होती है, जैसे धोखाधड़ी, गबन, चोरी आदि, जिसमें राज्य या सरकार अभियोजन करती है। 2. वादी (Plaintiff) सिविल वसूली: इसमें कोई भी व्यक्ति, कंपनी, या संस्था केस दायर कर सकती है। आपराधिक वसूली: इसमें सरकार या राज्य अभियोजन पक्ष के रूप में कार्य करता है। 3. कानून (Law Applicable) सिविल वसूली: सिविल प्रक्रिया संहिता (CPC) के तहत चलती है। आपराधिक वसूली: भारतीय दंड संहिता (IPC) और आपराधिक प्रक्रिया संहिता (CrPC) के तहत चलती है। 4. उद्देश्य (Objective) सिविल वसूली: वादी को हुए नुकसान की भरपाई करवाना या अधिकार दिलाना। आपराधिक वसूली: अपराधी को सजा दिलाना और न्याय सुनिश्चित करना। 5. सजा (Punishment) सिविल वसूली: इसमें आमतौर पर मुआवजा, आदेश, या जुर्माने का प्रावधान होता है। आपराधिक वसूली: इसमें कारावास, आर्थिक दंड, या अन्य सजा हो सकती है। 6. सबूतों का स्तर (Burden of Proof) सिविल वसूली: "संभावनाओं के आधार पर संतुलन" (Preponderance of Probability) पर निर्णय लिया जाता है। आपराधिक वसूली: "संदेह से परे प्रमाण" (Beyond a Reasonable Doubt) की आवश्यकता होती है। 7. उदाहरण (Examples) सिविल वसूली: कर्ज की वसूली, किराए का विवाद, अनुबंध उल्लंघन, संपत्ति विवाद। आपराधिक वसूली: बैंक धोखाधड़ी, गबन, चोरी, जालसाजी, धमकी देकर पैसे लेना। यदि वसूली किसी आपराधिक कृत्य से संबंधित है, तो पुलिस में प्राथमिकी (FIR) दर्ज करानी होगी, जबकि सिविल मामलों में अदालत में दावा दायर करना होगा।

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