The difference between public international law and private international law lies in their scope, subject matter, and the parties involved. Public International Law It governs the relationships between nations or states and international organizations. It deals with issues such as treaties, war, diplomatic relations, human rights, and international crimes. Examples include the United Nations Charter, Geneva Conventions, and International Court of Justice (ICJ) cases. Its main subjects are sovereign states and international bodies, though individuals may also have rights under some conventions (like human rights treaties). It aims to maintain global order, peace, and cooperation among countries. Private International Law (also called Conflict of Laws) It deals with disputes involving private individuals or entities across different countries. It determines which country's laws apply in cross-border cases related to contracts, marriages, divorces, inheritance, and child custody. It is mainly applicable in civil and commercial matters. The main question in private international law is: Which country’s legal system should be used to resolve this dispute? It helps resolve jurisdictional conflicts and enforce foreign judgments. In short: Public international law = law between countries Private international law = law about cross-border private disputes

• All states are subject to the same laws under Public International Law, while Private International Law varies between different states. • Enforcement of Public International Law relies on international pressure and fear, such as sanctions or breaking diplomatic relations. Private International Law, on the other hand, is enforced by the executive branch of the relevant state. • The rules of Public International Law are derived from international custom and treaties, while Private International Law rules are created by the legislative branch of the state. • Public International Law governs legal relations between sovereign states and other international entities, while Private International Law, also known as Conflict of Laws, regulates relationships between private individuals or entities from different states. • While Public international laws are derived from international customs, traditions, and treaties, the State Legislature is responsible for framing international private laws. • Public International Law regulates the interactions between independent nations and global institutions, covering subjects like human rights, treaties, and diplomatic relations. On the other hand, the field of Private International Law deals with conflicts between individuals or organizations from different legal systems, specifically pertaining to topics such as contracts, family law, and torts. • Public International Law tackles matters that impact the global community as a whole, including peace and security, environmental conservation, and human rights. On the other hand, the main focus of Private International Law is to address disputes that arise due to variations in laws across various jurisdictions. • Public International Law often depends on treaties, conventions, and agreements between nations to establish legal standards and duties. On the other hand, the field of Private International Law deals with the implementation of particular legal regulations and principles in order to determine the appropriate jurisdiction for a particular case. • Public International Law covers issues of worldwide significance, such as national sovereignty, military action, and safeguarding human rights. On the other hand, Private International Law is a legal field that focuses on individual rights and obligations, such as agreements, ownership, and domestic issues. • operating across national borders, while states merely play a supporting role. • Public International Law allows for disputes to be settled in international forums, where states agree to the jurisdiction of international courts or tribunals. In contrast, Private International Law involves resolving disputes through national courts, which use conflict of laws principles. • Public International Law is often distinguished by its inflexible principles and established standards, which reflect the priorities and agreement of the global society. On the other hand, in Private International Law, regulations have the ability to be malleable and adjustable to fit the particularities of the situation at hand.