Damages in breach of contract cases refer to the monetary compensation that the injured party (the plaintiff) is entitled to receive when the other party (the defendant) fails to perform their contractual obligations as agreed. Purpose of Damages: The main purpose of awarding damages is to compensate the injured party so that they are placed, as far as possible, in the same financial position they would have been if the contract had been properly performed. Types of Damages in Breach of Contract: 1. Compensatory Damages: These are the most common damages awarded. They cover the actual loss or injury suffered by the plaintiff due to the breach. The compensation is meant to cover both direct losses and any consequential losses that were foreseeable at the time of contract formation. 2. Nominal Damages: Awarded when a breach has occurred but the injured party has not suffered any actual financial loss. This is a small, symbolic amount to acknowledge that the contract was breached. 3. Liquidated Damages: These are damages pre-agreed upon by the parties at the time of entering the contract, specifying a fixed sum to be paid in case of breach. Courts generally enforce these if the amount is a genuine pre-estimate of loss and not a penalty. 4. Punitive or Exemplary Damages: These are awarded to punish the breaching party for egregious or malicious conduct. However, punitive damages are rarely awarded in contract law and are generally not recognized under Indian contract law unless a tort is involved. Principles Governing Damages: Damages must be reasonably foreseeable as a probable result of the breach. The injured party has a duty to mitigate their loss, i.e., take reasonable steps to minimize the damage caused. Damages cannot be awarded for losses that are too remote or speculative. Summary: In breach of contract cases, damages are monetary compensation awarded to the injured party to cover losses caused by the breach. These include compensatory damages (actual losses), nominal damages (symbolic), liquidated damages (pre-agreed amounts), and rarely punitive damages. The goal is to put the injured party in the financial position they would have been in if the contract had been properly fulfilled.