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What are the duties of a trustee?

What are the duties of a trustee?

31-Dec-2025

Wills & Trusts

Answer By law4u team

Duties of a Trustee A trustee is a person or an entity entrusted with the responsibility of managing a trust on behalf of the beneficiaries. In simple terms, a trustee acts as a fiduciary, meaning that they are legally obligated to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries, adhering to the terms and conditions set out in the trust deed or trust agreement. The duties of a trustee are essential for ensuring that the trust operates effectively, ethically, and legally. In India, the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 governs private trusts and their administration, outlining the legal duties of trustees. These duties ensure that trustees maintain high standards of honesty, transparency, and accountability. The trustee must manage the trust property responsibly, ensuring that the purpose of the trust is carried out in line with the creator’s intentions. Here is a detailed breakdown of the duties of a trustee: 1. Duty of Loyalty The duty of loyalty is one of the most fundamental obligations of a trustee. A trustee must act solely in the interest of the beneficiaries and not for personal gain or benefit. This means that the trustee should not: Act in self-interest: A trustee cannot use the trust's assets for personal benefit or engage in transactions where there is a conflict of interest. Make profit from the trust: The trustee should not profit from their role unless it is expressly stated in the trust deed (such as a fee for services rendered). They must ensure that all benefits accrue to the beneficiaries. Avoid conflict of interest: Trustees must disclose any conflicts of interest and must not engage in any activity that could compromise their duty to act in the beneficiaries’ best interests. 2. Duty to Act in Good Faith A trustee must always act honestly and with integrity. This duty requires the trustee to exercise good judgment and to make decisions that are consistent with the objectives of the trust. The trustee must: Carry out the intentions of the trust creator: The trustee must ensure that the terms and conditions specified in the trust deed are followed, as well as the trust's purpose. Exercise discretion: While the trustee must follow the terms of the trust, they also have the discretion to make decisions based on the circumstances, as long as those decisions align with the trust’s objectives. 3. Duty to Act Impartially A trustee has a duty to treat all beneficiaries impartially. They must balance the interests of all beneficiaries in an equitable and fair manner, especially when beneficiaries have competing interests or different needs. This includes: Avoiding favoritism: A trustee must not favor one beneficiary over another, unless the trust document allows for such differentiation. Making decisions based on fairness: Trustees must consider the needs and rights of all beneficiaries while managing the trust and distributing benefits. 4. Duty of Care and Skill The trustee must exercise reasonable care, diligence, and skill in managing the trust property. This duty requires the trustee to act prudently and competently, as a reasonably skilled person would. The trustee must: Manage trust property responsibly: Trustees are responsible for protecting and managing the assets of the trust, making decisions that align with the best interests of the beneficiaries. Seek professional advice if needed: If the trustee does not have expertise in certain areas (such as legal, financial, or investment matters), they must seek professional advice to ensure prudent decision-making. 5. Duty to Preserve and Protect Trust Property A trustee must take reasonable steps to preserve and protect the trust property. This involves: Safeguarding assets: The trustee must ensure that trust property is not lost, damaged, or unduly devalued. This includes managing investments carefully and maintaining property properly. Insurance: The trustee must ensure that trust property (if applicable) is adequately insured and protected from risks like theft, fire, or damage. 6. Duty to Account and Provide Information A trustee has an obligation to account for their actions and provide regular reports to the beneficiaries regarding the management of the trust. This includes: Keeping proper records: The trustee must maintain accurate and detailed records of all transactions, investments, and decisions made regarding the trust property. Providing regular updates: Trustees should provide regular statements or reports to beneficiaries, outlining the income, expenses, and current status of the trust. Beneficiaries have the right to request and receive information about the trust’s activities. Responding to beneficiary inquiries: The trustee must be available to answer any questions or concerns the beneficiaries may have about the trust. 7. Duty to Follow the Terms of the Trust The trustee is bound by the terms and conditions laid out in the trust deed or trust agreement. The trustee must: Act according to the trust deed: The trustee must ensure that the trust is administered strictly according to the creator’s wishes, as set forth in the deed. Avoid unauthorized actions: The trustee cannot act outside the scope of their authority or engage in actions that are not specified in the trust deed. Amendments: If there is a need for modification to the trust’s terms, such changes must follow the procedures outlined in the trust deed, and in some cases, court approval may be necessary. 8. Duty to Avoid Profiting from the Trust A trustee must not derive any personal profit or gain from managing the trust, except where it is explicitly permitted by the trust deed or by law. This means: No personal transactions with the trust: The trustee should avoid entering into personal contracts or transactions involving trust assets that would benefit themselves. Trustee’s compensation: If the trustee is entitled to compensation (e.g., fees for services), it must be clearly defined in the trust deed or as agreed upon by the beneficiaries, and it should be reasonable. 9. Duty to Invest Prudently The trustee is responsible for making prudent investment decisions. Trustees must invest trust assets in a manner that is aligned with the risk tolerance, objectives, and needs of the trust and its beneficiaries. This includes: Adhering to legal guidelines: In India, the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 provides specific guidelines for trustees on how they should invest the trust property (e.g., they must invest in government securities, bonds, or other safe investments unless the trust deed specifies otherwise). Diversification: The trustee must ensure that the investments are diversified to minimize risks. This involves not putting all trust funds into a single investment, thereby reducing the potential for loss. 10. Duty to Act in the Best Interests of the Beneficiaries Above all, a trustee’s duty is to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries. This duty ensures that the trustee makes decisions that promote the beneficiaries’ financial, social, and emotional well-being. This includes: Maximizing benefits for beneficiaries: The trustee should take steps to enhance the value of the trust assets and ensure that the beneficiaries receive the benefits as intended. Prioritizing beneficiaries' needs: The trustee must make decisions that reflect the interests of the beneficiaries, which may involve making sacrifices or taking actions that prioritize the long-term benefits of the beneficiaries. 11. Duty of Confidentiality A trustee is expected to maintain confidentiality regarding the affairs of the trust and its beneficiaries. The information related to the trust should not be disclosed to unauthorized persons unless required by law or with the consent of the beneficiaries. Preservation of Privacy: The trustee must ensure that sensitive financial and personal information of the trust and its beneficiaries is kept confidential. Avoiding misuse: The trustee should not use confidential information for personal or other unauthorized purposes. Conclusion The duties of a trustee are extensive and come with significant legal and ethical responsibilities. Trustees are entrusted with managing the trust property for the benefit of the beneficiaries and must act with utmost integrity, loyalty, and care. They must: Act in good faith, impartially, and in accordance with the terms of the trust. Maintain proper records, provide necessary information to the beneficiaries, and avoid any conflict of interest. Invest prudently, ensure the trust property is protected, and prevent any unauthorized profit from the trust. Failure to adhere to these duties can lead to legal consequences, including removal from their position as trustee, personal liability, or legal action from the beneficiaries. Therefore, it is critical for trustees to understand and fulfill their responsibilities in order to manage the trust effectively and in the best interests of the beneficiaries.

Answer By Ayantika Mondal

Dear client, A trustee is legally bound to manage the trust property and affairs strictly in accordance with the purpose of the trust and the trust deed. Under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, the key duties of a trustee are mentioned in the following sections, they are as follows: 1. Section 11 – Duty to execute trust: A trustee is bound to fulfil the purpose of the trust and to obey the directions of the trust deed, except where such directions are unlawful. 2. Section 12 – Duty to inform himself of the state of trust property: A trustee must take reasonable steps to become fully acquainted with the nature, condition, and circumstances of the trust property. 3. Section 13 – Duty to protect title to trust property: A trustee must take necessary measures to preserve and defend the title to the trust property. 4. Section 14 – Duty not to set up adverse title: A trustee cannot deny or challenge the trust’s ownership or set up a personal claim adverse to the interests of the trust. 5. Section 15 – Duty of care: A trustee is required to deal with the trust property as carefully as a person of ordinary prudence would deal with their own property. 6. Section 16 – Duty to convert perishable property: Where trust property is of a wasting or perishable nature, the trustee must convert it into a permanent and profitable form, unless the trust instrument provides otherwise. 7. Section 17 – Duty to be impartial: When there are multiple beneficiaries, the trustee must act impartially and fairly, without favouring one beneficiary over another. 8. Section 18 – Duty to prevent waste: A trustee must take reasonable steps to prevent any co-trustee from committing any destructive or permanent injury. 9. Section 19 – Accounts and information: A trustee is bound to keep clear and accurate accounts of the trust - property, and, at all reasonable times, at the request of the beneficiary, to furnish him with full and accurate information as to the amount and state of the trust-property. 10. Section 20 – Duty to invest trust money: Trust money must be invested prudently in accordance with the provisions of the Act or the trust deed. 11. Section 22 – Sale by trustee directed to sell within specified time: Where a trustee directed to sell within a specified time extends such time, the burden of proving, as between himself and the beneficiary, that the latter is not prejudiced by the extension lies upon the trustee, unless the extension has been authorised by a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction. Thus, Sections 11–22 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 comprehensively govern the statutory duties of a trustee, and any violation may amount to a breach of trust attracting legal consequences. I hope this answer was helpful. For further queries, please do not hesitate to contact us. Thank you.

Answer By Anik

Dear client, As per your query, a trustee is someone who can be an individual or an entity legally appointed to hold and manage the assets or property (like money, real estate, or investments) for the benefit of a third party, who is the beneficiary, set according to the rules of the trust's creator (grantor/settlor). Few duties are: Fiduciary Duty A trustee is expected to be bound by the highest standard of loyalty and trust, requiring them to act exclusively and in the best interests of the beneficiaries. This also means every decision must be taken with the beneficiaries’ welfare and as the primary consideration, without deriving any kind of personal benefit, directly or even indirectly. Any act of self-dealing, misuse of trust property, or prioritising personal interests over those of the beneficiaries amounts to a breach of fiduciary duty and can attract personal liability. Follow the Trust Document The trust deed is the governing instrument of the trust, and the trustee must strictly adhere to its terms and conditions. The trustee has completely no authority to act anything which is beyond or contrary to the instructions laid down by the settlor/grantor. Any kind of distributions, investments, timelines, and discretionary powers must all be exercised strictly within the framework of the trust document, unless modified by a competent court or which is permitted by law. Manage Assets The trustee is also responsible for taking all the possession and control of the trust assets and ensuring for their proper protection and preservation. This also includes maintaining of the property, safeguarding financial assets, and making prudent investment decisions that balances risk and return. The trustee must as well exercise reasonable care, skill, and caution, which is similar as to how a prudent person would manage their own affairs, as well as keeping the beneficiaries’ long-term interests in mind. Act Personally and Impartially Trustees also, must exercise their duties personally and cannot delegate the decision-making unless it is expressly permitted by the trust deed or the law. They are also required to act completely impartially, treating all the beneficiaries fairly and equitably. Where there are multiple beneficiaries, the trustee also must balance competing interests, such as those of income beneficiaries and the remainder beneficiaries, without showing any kind of bias or favoritism. Account and Report A trustee has the duty to maintain complete, accurate, and transparent records of all the trust related transactions. This includes income, expenses, investments, and distributions. Trustees must also prepare the accounts periodically and make them available to the beneficiaries on request. Additionally, they must ensure complete compliance with all the legal and tax obligations, including filing of returns and paying taxes which is due on behalf of the trust. Communicate Effective and timely communication with the beneficiaries is an essential trustee duty. Trustees must keep the beneficiaries reasonably informed about all the administration of the trust, including significant decisions, financial status, and distributions. Clear communication also helps to maintain transparency, builds trust, and reduces any risk of disputes or allegations of mismanagement. I hope this answer was helpful. For further queries, please do not hesitate to contact us. Thank you.