How Is Maritime Labor Regulated In India?

Maritime labor in India is regulated through a combination of national laws, regulations, and adherence to international conventions to protect the rights, welfare, and safety of seafarers employed on Indian and foreign-flagged vessels operating under Indian jurisdiction. The system ensures fair working conditions, adequate rest hours, and social security for maritime workers.

Key Legislation and Regulations

Indian Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

The principal law governing employment, certification, working conditions, and welfare of seafarers. It sets standards for crew certification, engagement, discharge, and disciplinary procedures.

Merchant Shipping (Crew) Rules, 1990

Detailed rules covering crew employment agreements, wages, repatriation, and dispute resolution.

The Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) Rules, 2018

Implements the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 2006 in India, which sets international standards for seafarers’ working and living conditions.

The Factories Act, 1948 (where applicable)

Governs health and safety conditions in shipyards and related maritime industrial workplaces.

International Conventions

Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 2006

India is a signatory, ensuring compliance with international minimum standards on working hours, wages, accommodation, medical care, and social security.

International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions

Supplementary instruments for seafarers’ rights and welfare.

Government Bodies

Directorate General of Shipping (DGS)

The main regulatory authority responsible for implementing maritime labor laws, conducting inspections, issuing certificates, and ensuring compliance.

Port Authorities

Facilitate enforcement at ports, including welfare facilities for seafarers.

Seafarers’ Welfare Boards

Support welfare schemes and grievance redressal.

Seafarer Welfare and Rights

• Fair employment contracts and wages.
• Safe and hygienic working and living conditions onboard ships.
• Access to medical care and repatriation facilities.
• Protection against discrimination and unfair dismissal.
• Right to form unions and collective bargaining.

Example

A seafarer employed on an Indian-flagged vessel faces non-payment of wages and unsafe working conditions:

• The seafarer can file a complaint with the Directorate General of Shipping.
• An inspection and investigation are conducted at the vessel’s next port of call.
• The shipping company may be directed to pay dues and rectify safety issues.
• If necessary, the case can be referred to a maritime labor court or tribunal for resolution.