In India, the role of the Supreme Court in interpreting and applying international law is significant, and it is guided by the principles established in the Indian legal system. While India follows a dualist system, meaning that international law does not automatically become a part of domestic law without legislative enactment, the judiciary, including the Supreme Court, plays a crucial role in interpreting and applying international law in certain contexts. Here are some aspects of the Supreme Court's role in interpreting international law in India: Incorporation through Legislation: International treaties and conventions are not automatically part of Indian law unless specifically incorporated through domestic legislation. The Supreme Court interprets such legislation to ascertain the legislative intent and give effect to international obligations. Reference in Domestic Cases: The Supreme Court may refer to international law principles and treaties while interpreting and deciding domestic cases. If a matter involves an international dimension or a question of international law, the Court may consider relevant international norms to ensure consistency and compliance with India's international obligations. Human Rights and International Treaties: The Supreme Court has actively considered international human rights standards in its decisions, especially when dealing with cases involving fundamental rights. India's obligations under international human rights treaties may be taken into account by the Court in protecting and enforcing the rights of individuals. Customary International Law: The Supreme Court may consider customary international law principles as part of the common law in India. Customary international law is recognized and applied by the Court in the absence of conflicting domestic law. Principles of Comity and Good Faith: The Court recognizes the principles of comity and good faith in international relations. It may consider these principles when interpreting statutes or common law to ensure consistency with international legal norms. Advisory Jurisdiction under Article 143: The Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 of the Constitution, where the President can seek the Court's opinion on questions of law or fact that may arise or are likely to arise in the course of his official functions. This can include questions related to international law. Treaties and Executive Action: The Supreme Court may examine the validity and enforceability of treaties and executive actions in light of international law principles. If a treaty or executive action is found to be inconsistent with international law, the Court may provide appropriate remedies. Environmental Law and International Treaties: In cases related to environmental issues, the Supreme Court has considered international environmental law and treaties to address transboundary pollution and ensure environmental protection.