Under the Right to Information Act, 2005, the term "public authorities" is broadly defined, and all such authorities are covered under the Act. Here’s a detailed explanation: 1. Definition of Public Authorities (Section 2(h) of the RTI Act): A public authority means any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted by: The Constitution of India (e.g., Election Commission, UPSC) Any law made by Parliament (e.g., CBI, SEBI) Any law made by a State Legislature (e.g., State Universities, State Commissions) By notification issued or order made by the appropriate government (i.e., Central or State Government) It also includes: Any body owned, controlled, or substantially financed by the government Any non-governmental organization (NGO) substantially financed, directly or indirectly, by public funds 2. Examples of Authorities Covered: Central Government Ministries and Departments (e.g., Ministry of Home Affairs, Finance) State Government Departments (e.g., Education Department, Health Department) Local Bodies (e.g., Municipal Corporations, Panchayats) Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) (e.g., ONGC, SAIL, NTPC) Government-funded Educational Institutions (e.g., IITs, Central and State Universities) Judiciary (to a limited extent for administrative matters) Armed Forces (but with exemptions under Section 8 and Second Schedule for sensitive information) NGOs receiving substantial funding from the government 3. Authorities Not Covered or Exempt: Certain intelligence and security organizations are exempt under Section 24 (e.g., RAW, IB, BSF, CRPF), except in cases related to allegations of corruption and human rights violations. Private companies are not covered unless they receive substantial government funding or are performing public functions on behalf of the government. Conclusion: The RTI Act covers a wide range of authorities, both at the central and state level, that are established or substantially financed by the government. Its purpose is to ensure transparency and accountability in the functioning of public institutions.