Informed consent in medical law refers to the legal and ethical requirement that a doctor or healthcare provider must obtain a patient’s voluntary agreement to undergo a specific medical treatment, procedure, or surgery after fully informing them about all relevant aspects of that treatment. This concept is based on the patient’s right to autonomy—that is, their right to make informed decisions about their own body and healthcare. Key elements of informed consent: 1. Disclosure of Information: The doctor must clearly explain: The nature and purpose of the treatment or procedure The risks and possible complications The benefits and expected outcome Any alternatives, including the option of not undergoing the treatment The likely consequences of refusing the treatment 2. Understanding: The patient must understand the information provided. The explanation should be in a language and manner the patient can comprehend. 3. Voluntariness: The patient must give consent freely, without coercion, pressure, or manipulation from the doctor, family, or anyone else. 4. Competence: The patient must be mentally competent to make the decision. This means they must be of sound mind and capable of understanding the implications of their decision. For minors or mentally ill patients, consent is usually taken from a legal guardian. 5. Documentation: In many procedures, especially surgeries or those involving higher risks, written consent is required and must be properly documented. Legal relevance in India: Under Indian law, informed consent is crucial. Performing a medical procedure without valid consent can result in: Civil liability (for compensation in case of harm) Criminal liability (for assault or medical negligence) Professional misconduct under the Indian Medical Council regulations Indian courts, including the Supreme Court, have held that consent must be real and meaningful, and not merely a formality. Conclusion: Informed consent is not just a form or a signature; it is a process that ensures that the patient is fully aware, understands the consequences, and agrees voluntarily to the treatment. It protects both the patient’s rights and the doctor’s legal interests.