The "fair use" doctrine in Indian copyright law allows the use of copyrighted works without the permission of the copyright holder under certain circumstances, provided the use is fair and does not harm the rights of the copyright owner. While the concept of "fair use" is more widely recognized in common law jurisdictions like the United States, Indian copyright law follows the concept of "fair dealing", which is somewhat different but shares similar principles. Fair Dealing under Indian Copyright Law: In India, Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957 lays out the exceptions for "fair dealing," where the use of a copyrighted work is allowed without permission under specific conditions. These exceptions include the following: Private or Personal Use: Use for personal, private study, or research, provided it does not conflict with the commercial interests of the copyright holder. Criticism or Review: Reproducing a work for the purpose of criticism, review, or comment, provided that the work is accompanied by an acknowledgment of the source. News Reporting: Use of a work for reporting current events, where the work is used for the purpose of news reporting, subject to proper acknowledgment. Teaching or Research: Reproducing a work for educational purposes or research, provided it is done within a certain limit (such as using only a portion of the work). Parody or Satire: Works used for the purpose of parody, caricature, or satire may fall under fair dealing, provided it is not used to infringe the copyright holder’s market. Libraries and Archives: Reproducing works by libraries or archives for preservation or research, subject to specific conditions outlined in the law. Government Use: Works used by the government for official purposes or in connection with a legal proceeding may be considered fair dealing. Factors Considered for Fair Dealing: When determining whether a particular use qualifies as fair dealing, the following factors are considered: Purpose of Use: The purpose should be legitimate, such as research, criticism, or educational use, and not for commercial exploitation. Nature of the Work: Whether the work is factual or creative; factual works are more likely to be used fairly. Amount Used: Only a reasonable portion of the work should be used in relation to the purpose of use. Effect on Market: The use should not substitute the original work or harm its market value or potential commercial use. Key Differences from "Fair Use": Fair Use (in U.S. law) is broader and can apply to any use deemed "fair" based on a case-by-case analysis, whereas fair dealing in India has a narrower scope, limited to specific purposes like research, criticism, and news reporting. In India, the doctrine is applied with stricter guidelines, and the burden of proof lies on the user to demonstrate that their use falls within the allowed categories of fair dealing. Conclusion: In Indian copyright law, the "fair dealing" provisions provide a framework for limited, non-commercial use of copyrighted works, which helps balance the rights of copyright holders with public access to knowledge, education, and creativity. However, the user must ensure that the use adheres to the exceptions laid out under Section 52, and any use outside these limits could result in infringement.