Trademark registration in India can be refused on several grounds as per the Trade Marks Act, 1999. These grounds are broadly categorized into absolute and relative grounds for refusal. 1. Absolute Grounds for Refusal: These are general restrictions on what can be registered as a trademark: Lack of Distinctiveness: A trademark that is not capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of another. Generic or common terms like "Book" for books cannot be registered. Descriptive Marks: Marks that describe the quality, quantity, purpose, value, or geographical origin of the goods/services. Example: "Sweet" for a candy brand. Use of Generic Terms: Commonly used words that cannot be exclusively associated with one entity. Example: "Furniture" for furniture goods. Deceptive or Confusing Marks: Marks likely to deceive or confuse the public. Example: A mark that misrepresents the nature, quality, or geographical origin of goods/services. Hurt to Religious Sentiments: Marks containing or resembling any matter likely to hurt the religious sentiments of any class or section of citizens in India. Immoral or Scandalous Matter: Marks containing obscene or scandalous content. Prohibited Symbols or Emblems: Marks that include emblems, names, or symbols prohibited under the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950. Example: National symbols, military insignias. Shapes Necessary to Obtain a Technical Result: A mark consisting of the shape of goods that is functional or results from the nature of the product itself. Example: A simple geometric shape for an industrial tool. 2. Relative Grounds for Refusal: These grounds relate to conflicts with existing trademarks or rights of other entities: Similarity to an Existing Trademark: If the trademark is identical or deceptively similar to an already registered mark for the same or similar goods/services, it may be refused. Likelihood of Confusion: Marks that are similar to an existing mark and can cause confusion among the public regarding the origin of the goods/services. Well-Known Marks: If the mark is similar to a well-known trademark, it may be refused even if the goods/services differ. Conflict with Prior Rights: Marks that infringe upon existing rights of another person or entity, such as copyright or design rights. Additional Points: Bad Faith Applications: Applications made in bad faith (e.g., to misuse or exploit an existing brand) are likely to be refused. Failure to Submit Documents: Non-compliance with procedural requirements or failure to provide necessary documentation may also result in refusal. Opposition from Third Parties: During the publication stage, third parties may oppose the registration based on valid grounds. Conclusion: Trademark registration in India can be refused if it fails to meet distinctiveness requirements, conflicts with existing marks, or violates public policy or legal provisions. Applicants should conduct a comprehensive trademark search and ensure compliance with the Trade Marks Act, 1999 before applying to increase the likelihood of successful registration.