Yes, an unregistered trademark can be protected in India under certain conditions, even though it is not formally registered with the Trademarks Registry. Protection for unregistered trademarks is primarily provided through common law rights and legal remedies under the Trade Marks Act, 1999. Here’s how protection is available: Common Law Protection (Passing Off): An unregistered trademark can be protected under the law of passing off. This allows the owner of an unregistered mark to prevent others from using a similar mark that could cause confusion or deception among consumers, leading them to believe the goods or services are associated with the original brand. The owner must prove three key elements in a passing-off action: Reputation and goodwill: The unregistered trademark must have built up sufficient reputation and goodwill in the market. Misrepresentation: The defendant’s use of a similar mark causes confusion or misrepresentation among the public. Damage: There must be evidence of damage or potential damage to the goodwill and reputation of the trademark owner. Long Use and Recognition: The longer the unregistered trademark has been in use and the more established it is, the stronger its protection under common law. A mark that has been used continuously for a significant period in commerce can acquire distinctiveness and may be protected against infringement, even if it is not registered. Trade Marks Act, 1999: The Trade Marks Act provides for the registration and protection of trademarks. While registration offers legal advantages such as easier enforcement, an unregistered mark may still be protected under the Act through a passing-off action. The Act allows the owner of an unregistered mark to seek legal remedies in case of infringement or misuse by others, relying on their established rights through usage. Geographical Limitation: The protection of an unregistered trademark may be limited to the geographical area where it is known or has a reputation, unlike a registered trademark, which has national protection. However, it is advisable to register a trademark to gain broader and more enforceable protection across India. Registration provides the owner with legal rights, such as the ability to bring a suit for infringement, claim damages, and prevent others from using a similar mark in the same class of goods/services.